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  • Transmission lines ppt. Matching a transmission line with a single parallel stub 9. It covers short, medium and long transmission lines, and methods for analyzing each type Transmission lines where the longitudinal fields are. This volume is an introduction to transmission line design and addresses siting issues, plan and profile drawings, loading, and distribution underbuild. Two wire open line Low Loss line at High Frequency Inductance and capacitance are uniformly and continuously distributed as L (Henrys/m) and C (Farads/m) respectively. Transmission or distribution lines carry electric energy from one point to another in an electric power system Corporate PowerPoint Template 18 October 2023 4 General Introduction Typically, high-voltage lines are classified as transmission lines, and mid- and low-voltage lines as distribution lines. 1 of 20. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. 6 I ( z , t ) = 0 . Title: Transmission line fault detection 1 Transmission Line Fault Detection Submitted To Mr. Aug 10, 2012 · Transmission Line. If the dielectric constant of the line is 2. A transmission line is a connector which transmits energy from one point to another. PK !Z1T/?? [Content_Types]. Jun 29, 2020 · 6 likes • 3,554 views. Suchit Bhatt. INTRODUCTION• All transmission lines in a power system. 59k Views. Basic Design Considerations • While erecting an overhead line, it is important that conductors are under safe tension. The electrical design and performance of a line are dependent on these parameters. Slides: 45. Jan 19, 2012 · transmission line. microbiology, and water. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are Mar 13, 2017 · The topic mainly deals about different methods of high power Underground transmission systems currently implemented across the world as well as about the modern GIL systems. • It is obvious that if overhead power lines are not properly insulated from their support poles/towers, the current will flow towards the ground through the poles/towers which also become hazardous. Transmission Line Fundamentals Southern Methodist University EETS7320 Fall 2007 Session 5 Slides only. Aug 9, 2012 • Download as PPT, PDF •. karthik prabhu. 6 Surface waves on a grounded dielectric slab 2. The type of propagation used is TEM. HamzaAbbas43. HVDC stands for High Voltage Direct Current and is today a well-proven technology employed for power transmission all over the world. The transmission line Physical connection between two locations through two conductors. • Fast acting computerized controls Since our primary source of power is A. Feb 23, 2018 · Table 4 Sample. Aug 29, 2017 · Aug 29, 2017 • Download as PPT, PDF •. Jun 19, 2018 · 3. overhead line plus long, medium and short transmission lines. 1 of 27. The study of transmission line theory is helpful in the effective usage of power and equipment. Consequently, corona is well understood by engineers and steps to minimize it are one of the major factors in transmission line design for extra high voltage transmission lines (345 to 765 kilovolts (kV)). Telephone lines 2. com and create jaw-dropping PPT presentation. 2 Voltage and Current along a Transmission Line Let us now study the transmission line behaviour to an input, in greater detail. • the first installation of GIL in 1975, second generation GIL has been developed • GIL is installed in combination with Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), compact solutions can be delivered in order to supply large Make your next PowerPoint or Keynote presentation more effective with our professionally designed Transmission Lines template. It also explain about the advantages, construction and features of GIL (Gas Insulated Transmission Lines) by highlighting its future scope as well. pdf. Different Types of Transmission Lines. txt) or view presentation slides online. Stub Protection. transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt. Technology Business. • Waves travel from the generator to the load (incident wave). May 18, 2019 · HVDC uses direct current for efficient long distance power transmission, including underwater. Underground electric-transmission-lines - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 6. 0/5. Dec 23, 2013 · WHAT IS GIL • Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL) are a means for bulk power transmission at extra high voltage (EHV). It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and Oct 18, 2019 · Transmission lines. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effects of magnetic and electric field around the conductor The document provides an overview of fundamentals of distance protection for transmission lines. 17. ppt), PDF File (. transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt - Download as a PDF or view online for free. The document discusses fundamentals of distance protection for transmission lines, including what distance protection is, different protection schemes used for short, medium, and long lines, challenges in relay design due to transients from Sep 12, 2022 · It is often important to know the power associated with a wave on a transmission line. Jan 6, 2020 · Transmission Lines. 0 likes • 422 views. Chapter 2: Transmission lines and waveguides. Engineering. The were driven by the needs in telegraphy technology. Interconnect and Packaging. (No notes. 2) (9. Waves in a transmission line • Electrical energy is transmitted as waves in a transmission line. • Some of this electromagnetic power may Oct 20, 2011 · Transmission Line Theory Introduction: In an electronic system, the delivery of power requires the connection of two wires between the source and the load. Consider a sinusoidal signal traveling along the line. ppt / . The no. Kiran Hadiya. Ground clearances, horizontal clearances, clearances from other live parts, and clearances to supporting structures are addressed. 1, makes the argument that a circuit with resistors, inductors, and capacitors is a good model for a transmission line. 2, and Section 2. References [1] 2016. Electrical Engineering 3 ELECTROMAGNETICS: Transmission Lines Dr. Chapter 5Transmission Line Parameters. This volume is all about clearances. At low frequencies, power is considered to be delivered to the load through the wire. Chung-Kuan Cheng. Sep 8, 2014 · Transmission lines & antennas • A transmission line is the device used to guide radio frequency (RF) energy from one point to another (for example a coaxial cable). The values of r, x, and y can be computed from the Feb 28, 2009 · transmission line. Due to unsymmetrical spacing of the conductors Inductance and Capacitance of each conductors becomes different. Matching a transmission line to a load with a single series stub. 2 Radio and Television Interference Overhead transmission lines do not, as a general rule, interfere with radio or TV reception. UC San Diego. Jul 13, 2012 · Transmission Line Basics. 4k views • 38 slides Planar Transmission Lines. It discusses types of transmission lines based on length, typical protection schemes used for short, medium and long lines. Ewen. Nov 24, 2014 · This ppt is about Transmission Line, to have an overview about the parameters and elements of Electrical Transmission Line. DISADVANTAGES The Major Disadvantage. Handout 21 [PDF]: Impedance transformations in transmission line RF and microwave circuits, equivalent circuit models, short load, open load, matched load, Thevenin equivalent circuit models, power dissipation. Yong Heui Cho. THANK YOU…. Transmission Lines By, D. 1 (a–c). Fuse Failure Function 0Asymmetrical. EHVAC transmission line maintenance techniques - Download as a PDF or view online for free. A 75 coaxial transmission line has a length of 2 cm and is terminated with a load impedance of 37. 3 Rectangular waveguide 2. • The conductors separated by air as the dielectric and mountain on the towers. Modern HVDC uses IGBT semiconductor technology in converters to transform AC to DC and vice versa. Locating the first maximum and minimum from any load 7. 12. Gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) is an established high voltage technology used when environmental or structural considerations restrict the use of overhead transmission lines. bindasbhabani. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Twisted Pair Two insulated wires twisted to form flexible line without use of spacers. com - id: 109f06-ZDc1Z Matching Design Set #06482. Avg rating:5. 5. Two-wire parallel transmission lines. Transmission Lines. Improve the way you present seminars, webinars and lectures. 5 Coaxial line 2. Finding the input impedance at any distance from a load ZL. Devanjan Roy Date -2-may-2023 Submitted By Anmol Kumar (TPO2110012) Rajparchha (TPO2002005) Harun Ali (TPO2002003) Kapil Pal (TPO2002004) 2 Overview. The complete development of transmission line theory is presented in Section 2. Chapter 2: Transmission Line Parameters. Slideshow view. Outline Causality Transmission Lines for Digital Applications Transmission Line Structures Time Domain Reflectometer LC Measurement Internal RL Analysis Proximity Effect PCB Properties Slow Waves * Causality * Transmission Lines for Jan 31, 2015 · Transmission lines. Jul 13, 2012 • Download as PPT, PDF •. I was Visited a Site of Bajaj Engineers Project. 2 TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS An electric transmission lines are characterized by four parameters, namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and shunt conductance. 2) It presents the telegrapher's equations which model voltage and current on a transmission line as a function of position and time. There are basically four types of transmission lines Two-wire parallel transmission lines Coaxial lines Strip type substrate transmission lines Apr 2, 2021 · T. Finally, it discusses challenges in relay design related to Mar 16, 2017 · TYPES OF TRANSMISSION 03/16/17 7. หน่วยที่ 1 พื้นฐานของวงจรสายส่งความถี่สูง สายส่ง (Transmission Line) เป็นตัวกลางส่งถ่ายสัญญาณไฟฟ้าจากจุดหนึ่งไปยังอีกจุด หนึ่ง โดย 43 likes • 17,748 views. In total about 70,000 MW HVDC transmission capacity is installed in more than 90 projects. Presentation on transmission line and their classification including, underground cables. It describes transmission and distribution systems, including transmission lines, distribution lines, and common fault types. The development of the HVDC technology started in the late 1920s, and only after some 25 years of Nov 28, 2014 · Presentation Transcript. TRANSMISSION LINES SUMMARY FROM ENGINEERING ELECTRO-MAGNETICS BY NATHAN IDA. 00 – 9. • a transmission line is nonresonant if it is of infinite length or if it is terminated with a resistive load equal to the characteristic Apr 10, 2018 · Apr 10, 2018 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. Students who want to go through the basics for clearing the fundamentals they can go through this ppt. 32 Best Transmission Lines-Themed Templates. Standing Waves. The outage rate. It covers short, medium and long transmission lines, and methods for analyzing each type transmission line at the right-of-way edge is about 25 dBA, which is less than ambient levels in a library and much less than background noise for wind and rain. In the microwave frequency region, power is considered to be in electric and magnetic fields that are Effect of Lightning on Power Transmission systems. ToshaliMohapatra. singh1515. Mar 25, 2023 · 2. ABDULRAHMANALGHANIM. asics of Transmission Planning… •Merchant lines plan to sell transmission capacity to utilities and interconnectors •Public utilities plan to: –Ensure adequate transmission from resources to serve loads in a reliable and economical manner. Classification of transmission lines - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Nov 5, 2019 · Therefore, the reflected power can never exceed the incident power. 4 Circular waveguide 2. should cover any. In addition, the permanent mechanical forces (everyday stress) elongate the conductor irreversible during its live time. Jan 19, 2012 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. Nov 9, 2017 · ADVANTAGES The major advantages. Local breaker back. Voltage Regulation and Control in Transmission Lines includes: Importance of Voltage Control, Methods of Voltage Control, Shunt Compensator, Shunt Capacitor & Reactors, Series Compensator, Performance of Series and Shunt Compensators, Results Obtained from Graph, Synchronous Condenser, Tap Changing Transformer, Auto Sep 1, 2014 · This means that the transmission line has to have an inductance (per unit length) and a capacitance (per unit length). 2 cos( 2 π ⋅ 700 ⋅ 10 − 20 z + 5 ) Assume having perfect dielectric insulator and the wire have perfect conductivity with no loss. Direct trip Scheme 0. Draw the transmission line model and Find C’ and L’; Assume perfect conductor and perfect dielectric materials are used! Note: If atten. 1 of 52. adeelshafiq. Download Presentation. In this section we shall work out expressions for these powers and consider some implications in terms of the voltage reflection coefficient (\(\Gamma\)) and Jul 14, 2017 · Transmission tower. With an overview on the technical, economical and environmental impact and power system implications of GIL, this guide provides a complete understanding of its physical design, features and advantages. almost insignificant are referred to as supporting a TEM mode, and they are called TEM lines. Technology. Dampers used in electrical transmission lines. Description: Transmission Line of Infinite Length. Switch on to. 1 of 39. Brief Description about Insulators Abhijit Das. Follow. The power of the waves incident upon, reflected by, and absorbed by a load are each of interest. Jul 14, 2017 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. Schematically, all of them can be modeled by two parallel wires. Aug 14, 2014 · Wavesand Transmission Lines TechForce + Spring 2002 Externship Wang C. Template 06482. Figure 3. uiuc. This document appears to be about automatic fault detection and location of transmission lines. ) Major Transmission Facts 1 • Electromagnetic waves flow via the non-conductive space in or around wire/cable conductors, and not via the metal conductor itself. It was presented by five individuals - A. CrystalGraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. protection of transmission lines. Is zero à real part MUST Mar 10, 2015 · Electrical Transmission lines In Single circuit AC transmission line 3 conductors of all the 3 phases are unsymmetrical placed. H. 800 likes | 1. Oct 24, 2022 · Finding the input impedance of a transmission line terminated in a short or open. Insulators in the Overhead Transmission line. Jun 1, 2023 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. It discusses standard generating voltages and frequencies used worldwide and in Bangladesh. Transmission Line - Download as a PDF or view online for free. P. Jun 13, 2014 · Jun 13, 2014 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. Detail transmission line. Convert AC into DC (rectifier) 2. 11. Handout 22 [PDF]: G-Plane and Smith Charts, load matching and stub tuning, quarter wave transformers. 8. • Example: 1. APPLICATIONS High voltage is. Over Voltage Protection 0It. Introduction to electric power transmission and distribution - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Download to read offline. 50 LT 2. pptx - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. Jul 28, 2012 · Presentation Transcript. 23 likes • 20,136 views. 2 Parallel plate waveguide 2. transmission line - Download as a PDF or view online for free. parallel conductors • consists of two or more metallic conductors (copper) • separated by insulator – air, rubber etc. lines joining areas have the same number of – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow. 1 of 29. The document discusses the performance and analysis of different types of transmission lines. High voltage transmission Electric Power Transmission Lines template for presentation is laid out in a way that simplifies the complexities you may have previously encountered with Keynote, Google Slides, or PowerPoint. 3) where r, x, and y are resistance, reactance, and shunt admittance per unit length and d is the length of the transmission line. 840 likes | 2. 46 likes • 25,782 views. Nov 26, 2014 · 43 likes • 17,748 views. Aug 11, 2020 · This document provides an overview of transmission line fault detection and location. FUTURE OUTLOOK As per. Volume II. Umesh Singh Mr. 1: Various kinds of transmission lines. Simple construction. Jose E. 12 likes • 8,047 views. ice load). Number of Views: 2491. A. Just type in your text on each page and that's it! Sep 8, 2014 · Transmission lines & antennas • A transmission line is the device used to guide radio frequency (RF) energy from one point to another (for example a coaxial cable). HVDC has advantages over HVAC like transmitting power over long distances with lower losses, and allowing connection of asynchronous grids. Toll free: 888-816-3831 Consumer. Jun 2, 2023 · Modelling and Performance of transmission lines. Download now. Thank you. 0. Deicing of transmisson line by dielectrc losses - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 8 Microstrip. Wave Propagation and Antenna 2 Transmission Lines Transmission line A transmission line is a connector which transmits energy from one point to another. Make more exciting sales presentations, trade show displays and product promotions, or use them in any educational setting for more impact and greater retention. , ECE department, BEC, BAPATLA. To model and check the performance of the transmission lines. Jan 25, 2022 · UNDERGROUND CABLES CONT’D. C, The three basic steps are 1. Transmit DC 3. Apr 25, 2012 · Power Swing detection. In a long line, the propagation time is at least of the period time of – PowerPoint PPT presentation. The author Oct 13, 2014 · Oct 13, 2014. G’=0. 3 relates the RLGC transmission line model to the properties of a medium. Slide 1. Types of transmission lines • Open-wire transmission line This simply consists of two parallel wires,closely spaced and separated by air. The distance between the wires is between 2 and 6 inches. 7 Stripline 2. Jul 27, 2014. Envelop of a Standing Wave Load. 1 3. DEF Protection 0It provides. Sep 3, 2014 · Presentation Transcript. OPEN-WIRE LINE • These lines are the parallel conductors open to air hence called open wire lines. to extract the ice from transmission line by using dielectric loss and skin effect heating. S. edu. Rma Krishna, D Jan 25, 2022 · This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. Advantages of higher voltage transmission: HVAC, EHVAC, UHVAC and HVDC. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION Line ---By Dhananjay Jha, Engineer (E), SJVN. Traveling Waves. It is easy to follow, and it comes with all the design features you need built right in. 1) The document discusses transmission lines and their characteristics. Read more. –Support individual utilities and customers. Dec 6, 2013 · Dc as a Means of Transmission DC Transmission has been possible with beginning of • High power/ high current capability thyristor. local transmission and distribution systems. Energy. 1 Resonant and Nonresonant Transmission Line • transmission line without a reflected power is called a flat or nonresonant line. 4:3. 5 + j75 . Oct 10, 2011 · Transmission line models The total series resistance, series reactance, and shunt admittance of a transmission line can be calculated as (9. Transmission Lines Lecture 10. Transmission Line Basics - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Nonconductive spacers are used to keep the distance between the two wires constant. J. Aug 11, 2015 · B. Dampers used in electrical transmission lines - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Feb 27, 2009 • Download as PPT, PDF •. Overhead Transmission Lines: A brief introduction to types of supporting structures and line conductors-Conventional conductors; Aluminium Conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), All – aluminium alloy conductor (AAAC Performance of Transmission Lines - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. Electrical transmission system is the means of transmitting power from generating station to different load centres. Apr 12, 2023 · HVDC Transmission Line. Protection of transmission lines (encrypted) - Download as a PDF or view online for free. May 3, 2017 · A B. Ng. AI-enhanced description. à COND=0 à . Interconnection. 6. introduction to transmission and distribution of electrical power. xml ? (? 蘗蹘? } @糣?m粉*?t郄痘襫?纴I?l ;房飌Id?@埮? g魄s9?踊} ;[He馁条奖? x 闭听 st?RQ 覙3樄 愵蔹 轶A€tP毶櫥VJ|#D kH ??K?T?] We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jul 30, 2016 · This is a small ppt made by me to describe about the basics of Insulators in HV , EHV transmission lines. 2. There are basically four types of transmission lines −. Prof. The Transmission Lines • Definition: • Structures used to transmit energy or signal in the form of guided-wave electromagnetic fields from one place to another • Modeling: • Distributed-element model • Electromagnetic model • Key Concepts: • Waves and properties. 1 of 13. protection of transmission lines [distance relay protection scheme] - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 336 likes • 129,693 views. . 3. 1 of 49. Corona is usually not a design issue for power lines rated at 230 kV and lower. The total inductance of a line per unit length in this transmission line is a sum of the internal inductance and the external inductance between the conductor surface (r) and the separation distance (D): int 1 ln 2 4 ext H m D l l l r By symmetry, the total inductance of the other line is the same, therefore, the total inductance of a Nov 18, 2014 · EEE3233 Power Systems. • Overhead line insulators should have the following properties: high mechanical Lecture notes on parallel plate transmission lines, wave equations, sinusoidal steady states, and visualization of standing waves. Get ☆ Transmission Lines PowerPoint Template ☆ with creative backgrounds and 20 expert-quality slides from PoweredTemplate. pptx), PDF File (. John Williams. Coaxial lines. Suneel Varma Asst. Modelling and Performance of transmission lines. The document then covers methods for fault Jun 23, 2023 · The first section, Section 2. Mar 18, 2014 · Presentation Transcript. Two-Wire Open Line Transmission line between antenna and transmitter or antenna and receiver. 36 likes • 9,411 views. It then explains what distance protection is and how relay characteristics are affected by source impedance ratio. Feb 21, 2021 · This completely editable PowerPoint graphic exhibits Coaxial Transmission Line Equations that will help you convey the message impactfully. Performance of Transmission Lines - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. 3. ELECTROMAGNETICS – TRANSMISSION LINES Arrangements are same as for Prof. This document describes a student project to design a system to automatically cut power from a transmission line when a fault is detected, such as a line-to-line fault, line-to-ground fault, or fire fault. As per TCSC characteristics at α=90⁰ to 130⁰ power flow decreases and for α=140⁰ to 180⁰ power flow increases. The most important inhomogeneous lines are shown in Figure 3. 1: Cross sections of several homogeneous and inhomogeneous planar transmission line structures. Murray's part of the course: Lectures: Tuesdays 9. g. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. 3 likes • 2,181 views. Irrespective of the kind of signal traveling through the line, the conductors will have some resistance. Transmission lines were the rst electromagnetic waveguides ever invented. It describes different types of transmission lines including coaxial lines, two-wire lines, and microstrip lines. 2. 11 likes • 11,343 views. The text you’ll see in in those slides is just The sag of a transmission line will increase by increasing conductor temperature caused by the electrical load and specific environmental conditions or additional rope forces (e. pdf), Text File (. 86k Views. ATTO RATHORE. Transmission Line Fault PPT - Free download as PDF File (. S. Rohini Haridas. Types of Transmission Lines. • Alternating voltage (or current) at any point on a matched line is a constant value. 1 of 22. , EPRI, 1982). The Thunderstorm maps showing isokeraunic lines, i. classifications of transmission lines • Balanced Transmission line • 2 wire balanced line. pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Brief Description about Insulators. exhibit the electrical properties of resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. Feeders, distributors and service mains. Automatic fault detection and location of transmission line. • both conductors carry current. It can be accessed with Google Slides and is available in both standard screen and widescreen aspect ratios. Below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 32 best transmission lines templates for PowerPoint and Google Slides. K. It is best to introduce transmission line theory from ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ ô ö þÿÿÿ õ ø ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ the subject of transmission line corona (e. • An antenna is the structure associated with the region of transition from a guided wave to a free space wave, radiating RF energy. Download our Transmission Line Icons PPT, enriched with colorful and high-definition icons of giant electricity towers, poles, wires, and more, to present how electricity is produced and then supplied to the industries and households. Apart from this, you can download this well-structured PowerPoint template design in different Jan 1, 2023 · This situation is destroyed when waves travel in both directions; waves in the negative x-direction are produced by reflection at a boundary when a line is terminated or mismatched; Waves on Transmission Lines (2). Resource Type: Lecture Notes. Electrical power lines 03/16/17 8. e. In this paper analyse the real and reactive power flow through transmission line with and without TCSC controller. Transmission_Line_Protection. Nur Diyana Kamarudin. Two wire open line. Let R denote the resistance of the line per unit length. 56 and the frequency is 3 GHz, find the input impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient a the load, the reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the line. But only one conductor carry signals. INTRODUCTION ; TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS ; COMPARATOR ; RELAY ; DOUBLE CHANNEL RELAY MODULE Aug 17, 2019 · 1. • If the conductors are too much stretched between supports to save the conductor material, the stress in the conductor may Jun 13, 2014 · Jun 13, 2014 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 1. 1) (9. Jul 27, 2014 · ELECTROMAGNETICS – TRANSMISSION LINES. pptx. 1 Generation solution for TEM, TE and TM waves 2. Electricity boards and educators can leverage these bold and line icons to help their audience understand Apr 7, 2019 · Presentation Transcript. 1 Transmission Line Theory Figure 11. 18 likes • 26,361 views. A correctly terminated transmission line is said to be flat. 37. For different firing angle active and reactive power measured. Assuming that the wire resistance is zero. Schutt-Aine Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Illinois jose@emlab. Mechanical Design of Transmission Lines Farhan Mahmood EED, UET Lahore. The system uses a dual Jul 20, 2014 · Matched Lines • A matched transmission line is one terminated in a load that has a resistive impedance equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. ic yx yj sw kg vm bs ex ux na